Ngữ đồng vị

Collocation-Ngữ đồng vị 

Theo dịch nghĩa, Collocation /,kɔlə'keiʃn/: sự sắp xếp theo thứ tự. Một Collocation là hai hoặc nhiều từ mà thường đi cùng với nhau, ghép với nhau theo đúng trật tự. 
Những sự kết hợp này thường không có quy tắc chuẩn, mà theo sự nói tự nhiên của người bản xứ. Ta nhìn ví dụ sau:

Natural English...	Unnatural English...
the fast train fast food	the quick train quick food
a quick shower a quick meal	a fast shower a fast meal

Tiếng Việt	Lỗi dùng từ do sử dụng phương pháp dịch nghĩa	Tiếng Anh
Uống cà phê	Drink a coffee	Have a coffee
Đi nghỉ	Go holiday	Go on holiday
Ăn trưa	Eat lunch	Have lunch

        Tại sao cần học collocation? (chúng ta cứ coi collocation là một thuật ngữ)

·        Ngôn ngữ bạn nói sẽ trở nên tự nhiên và dễ hiểu hơn.

·        Bạn sẽ có nhiều sự lựa chọn và cách diễn đạt phong phú.
·     Thật dễ dàng cho bộ não của bạn nhớ và sử dụng ngôn ngữ trong một cụm từ hơn là một từ đơn.

Học collocation như thế nào?

Bởi vì không có quy tắc chung cho một collocation nên theo ý kiến cá nhân chúng ta chỉ còn cách nhớ và ghi nhớ thôi. :-d. Các bạn có thể tra từ điển ebook hoặc Software Oxford Collocation.

Các loại Collocation:

Có một vài hình thức khác nhau được tạo thành từ sự kết hợp giữa động từ (Verb), danh từ (Noun) và tính từ (adjective). Có một số hình thức như sau:

1. adverb + adjective

• Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.
• We entered a richly decorated room.
• Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

2. adjective + noun

• The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.
• The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.
• He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.

3. noun + noun

• Let's give Mr Jones a round of applause.
• The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am.
• I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

4. noun + verb

• The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.
• Snow was falling as our plane took off.
• The bomb went off when he started the car engine.

5. verb + noun

• The prisoner was hanged for committing murder.
• I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.
• He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.

6. verb + expression with preposition

• We had to return home because we had run out of money.
• At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.
• Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.

7. verb + adverb

• She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.
• Mary whispered softly in John's ear.
• I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when we left.

Một số Collocation thường gặp:

have	do	make
have a bath have a drink have a good time have a haircut have a holiday have a problem have a relationship have a rest have lunch have sympathy	do business do nothing do someone a favour do the cooking do the housework do the shopping do the washing up do your best do your hair do your homework	make a difference make a mess make a mistake make a noise make an effort make furniture make money make progress make room make trouble
take	break	catch
take a break take a chance take a look take a rest take a seat take a taxi take an exam take notes take someone's place take someone's temperature	break a habit break a leg break a promise break a record break a window break someone's heart break the ice break the law break the news to someone break the rules	catch a ball catch a bus catch a chill catch a cold catch a thief catch fire catch sight of catch someone's attention catch someone's eye catch the flu
pay	save	keep
pay a fine pay attention pay by credit card pay cash pay interest pay someone a compliment pay someone a visit pay the bill pay the price pay your respects	save electricity save energy save money save one's strength save someone a seat save someone's life save something to a disk save space save time save yourself the trouble	keep a diary keep a promise keep a secret keep an appointment keep calm keep control keep in touch keep quiet keep someone's place keep the change
come	go	get
come close come complete with come direct come early come first come into view come last come late come on time come prepared come right back come second come to a compromise come to a decision come to an agreement come to an end come to a standstill come to terms with come to a total of come under attack	go abroad go astray go bad go bald go bankrupt go blind go crazy go dark go deaf go fishing go mad go missing go on foot go online go out of business go overseas go quiet go sailing go to war go yellow	get a job get a shock get angry get divorced get drunk get frightened get home get lost get married get nowhere get permission get pregnant get ready get started get the impression get the message get the sack get upset get wet get worried

Hỗn tạp nhiều từ:

Time	Business English	Classifiers
bang on time dead on time early 12th century free time from dawn till dusk great deal of time late 20th century make time for next few days past few weeks right on time run out of time save time spare time spend some time take your time tell someone the time time goes by time passes waste time	annual turnover bear in mind break off negotiations cease trading chair a meeting close a deal close a meeting come to the point dismiss an offer draw a conclusion draw your attention to launch a new product lay off staff go bankrupt go into partnership make a loss make a profit market forces sales figures take on staff	a ball of string a bar of chocolate a bottle of water a bunch of carrots a cube of sugar a pack of cards a pad of paper

Do or Make Collocations Quiz

1	What do you  do  make  for a living?	Click for answer  do
2	Have you  done  made  your homework already?	Click for answer  done
3	My husband  does  makes  the grocery shopping.	Click for answer  does
4	Amber  did  made  badly on her geography exam.	Click for answer  did
5	The children  made  did  a mess in the kitchen.	Click for answer  made
6	We are having guests tonight, so please  make  do  your bed.	Click for answer  make
7	I only  made  did  one mistake in my English test.	Click for answer  made
8	I have to ask you to  do  make  me a favour.	Click for answer  do
9	Have you and your friend  made  done  a decision yet?	Click for answer  made
10	Please excuse me while I  make  do  a phonecall.	Click for answer  make

Time Collocations Quiz

1	He arrived exactly at 11am,  bang  straight  on time.	Click for answer  bang
2	What do you do in your  free  loose  time?	Click for answer  free
3	We couldn't finish because we  ran through  ran out of  time.	Click for answer  ran out of
4	If we take this short cut we'll  grow  save  some time.	Click for answer  save
5	I  damaged  wasted  time, and now doth time waste me. (Shakespeare)	Click for answer  wasted
6	There have been several burglaries in the  past few  few past  weeks.	Click for answer  past few
7	The Internet was developed in the  last 20th  late 20th  century.	Click for answer  late 20th
8	They have no time. They work  from dawn to  from day to  dusk.	Click for answer  from dawn to
9	You'll forget it  when time comes  as time goes  by.	Click for answer  as time goes
10	Can you  make time  cut time  for me this weekend?	Click for answer  make time

Các bạn có thể xem trực tuyến bài giảng khá hay của cô Vũ Thị Mai Phương  tại địa chỉ:

http://luyenthi.hoc360.vn/movieplayer/movie.asp?title=ngu-dong-vi-collocation&oder=&g=442&l=442&ml=&ms_step=121000001 
(Lưu ý: Bài giảng video chỉ xem được trên Internet Explorer )

 ( Dịch từ http://www.englishclub.com)